$BBh#3!!2E $BBh#5!!Ho9p9q$N@UG$$NK!E*:,5r(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!E:!!!!IU!!!!;q!!!!NA(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>Z!!!!5r!!!!J}!!!!K!(B
$B!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!]!](B
$BCgEDGn9/(B
$B!!#1!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$k?/32(B
$B!!!!!!869p$i$O!"2E
$B!!!!%$%H!&%Q%91i=,$N:]$KH/@8$9$k$b$N$b$"$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!$^$?!"CkLk$rLd$o$:Cs5!>lEy$G9T$J$o$l$k9R6u5!$N%(%s%8%s%F%9%H$K$h$C$FH/@8$9(B
$B!!!!$kA{2;$d!"9R6u5!$N0\F0$dHt9TA0$N%(%s%8%sD4@0$KH<$C$FH/@8$9$kA{2;Ey$NCO>e2;$b(B
$B!!!!$"$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!Nc$($P!"KLC+D.:=JU$d2E
$B!!!!;~$K$O(B120$B%[%s0J>e$K$bC#$9$k$H$$$C$?7c$7$$Gz2;$K$5$i$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!$5$i$K!"F|Cf$N$_$J$i$:Lk4V$dAaD+$NA{2;H/@82s?t$b0[>o$KB?$/!"869p$i$N2wE,$J(B
$B!!!!0BL2Ey$,K8$2$i$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!#2!!9R6u5!$NDFMnEy$N4m81(B
$B!!!!!!2E
$B!!!!!!2-Fl$NK\EZI|5"A0$K$O!"(B1959$B!J>
$B!!!!$,DFMn$7!"
$B!!!!;v8N!"(B1961$B!J>
$B!!!!
$B!!!!!!$5$i$K!"(B1972$B!J>
$B!!!!$$62I]46$r?"$(IU$1$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!869p$i<~JU=;L1$O!"$3$N$h$&$JDFMn;v8N$dMn2
$B!!!!$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!#3!!GS5$%,%9!"?6F0Ey$N?/32(B
$B!!!!!!9R6u5!$NHt9T$d%(%s%8%sD4@0Ey$N:]$K$OBgNL$NGS5$%,%9$,;5$-;6$i$5$l$k!#$^$?!"(B
$B!!!!9R6u5!$NHt9T$O!"869p$i5o=;2H20$K6/$$?6F0$rM?$($F$$$k!#(B
$B!!#4!!4pCO1x@wEy(B
$B!!!!!!$=$NB>!"2E
$B!!!!(B
$BBh#4!!869p$i$NHo32$N35MW(B
$B!!!!!!A0=R$7$??/329T0Y$K$h$C$F869p$i=;L1$,Ho$C$F$$$kHo32$N35MW$O!"$B$k!#(B
$B!!#1!!$O$8$a$K(B
$B!!!!!!869p$i$N5o=;$9$k2E
$B!!!!!!$^$?!"4pCO$,B8:_$9$k$?$a$KCO0h3+H/$bAK32$5$l!"$=$N$3$H$@$1$G$bNt0-$J=;4D6-(B
$B!!!!2<$G$N@83h$rM>57$J$/$5$l$F$$$k!#$=$N$&$(!"2E
$B!!!!$k!#$3$l$i$N$3$H$K$h$C$F!"869p$i=;L1$O!"?SBg$J?HBNE*!"@:?@E*Ho32$"$k$$$OF|>o(B
$B!!!!@83hA4HL$K$o$?$k@83hK832$J$I!"?<9o$+$DB?MM$JHo32$rHo$C$F$*$j!"2wE,$J4D6-$G?M(B
$B!!!!4V$H$7$FJ?OB$K$+$DJ82=E*$J@83h$r1D$`8"Mx!J?M3J8"!"4D6-8"!"J?OBE*@8B88"!K$rCx(B
$B!!!!$7$/?/32$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!#2!!2-Fl8)7r9/1F6AD4::7k2L(B
$B!!!!!!$3$N2E
$B!!!!$=$N:GBg$+$D>\:Y$J$b$N$,2-Fl8)7r9/1F6AD4::$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!2-Fl8)$O:bCDK!?M2-Fl8)8x=01R@86(2q$K0QBw$7$F!"(B1995$B!JJ?@.#7G/!KEY$+$i(B1998
$B!!!!!JJ?@.(B10$B!KEY$N#4%1G/$K$o$?$j!"4pCO<~JU$N9R6u5!A{2;$,=;L1$KM?$($k?HBNE*!"@:?@(B
$B!!!!E*1F6A$ND4::$re5-D4::$N0QBw$r$B$O!"(B
$B!!!!;3K\9dIW5~ETBg3XL>M@65
$B!!!!@8BN=E;yD4::!"?gL21F6AD4::!"7r9/FC@-D4::!"9R6u5!A{2;GxO*
$B!!!!!!$3$ND4::$N7k2L!"9R6u5!A{2;$K$h$kD0NOB;<:
$B!!!!$NK832$r$B!!#3!!?HBNE*Ho32(B
$B!!!!!!2E
$B!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$N0[>o$JGz2;Ey$K$h$j!"869p$i$O!"0l;~E*D0NOB;<:$NHo32$rHo$j!"$3$l$,(B
$B!!!!!!7+$jJV$5$l$k$3$H$K$h$j2sI|IT2DG=$JA{2;@-FqD0$K$J$kEy$NHo32$r$B!!!!!!Fl8)7r9/1F6AD4::$N7k2L!"KLC+D.:=JU$G(B10$BL>!"2E
$B!!!!!!6u5!A{2;$K$h$kD0NOB;<:
$B!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$,G%IX$K1F6A$rM?$(!"Dc=P@8BN=E;y$N=P@8N($,M-0U$K9b$/$J$C$F$$(B
$B!!!!!!$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!MD;yLdBj9TF0(B
$B!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$,MD;y$N?HBN$d@:?@$K1F6A$rM?$(!"B>$NCO0h$KHf3S$7$FLdBj$H$5$l(B
$B!!!!!!$k9TF0$,L\N)$D7k2L$H$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!Gz2;$N7r9/$KBP$9$k$=$NB>$NHo32(B
$B!!!!!!!!$=$NB>!"9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$F!"F,DK!&8*$3$j!&L\$^$$Ey$N>I>u!"9b7l05!&?4B!(B
$B!!!!!!$NF0X)Ey!"0_D2>c32Ey$NHo32$rHo$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!#4!!?gL2K832(B
$B!!!!!!9R6u5!$,?
$B!!#5!!F|>o@83h$NK832(B
$B!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$F!"o@83h>e$NK832$,@8$8$F$$$k!#$3$l$i$OKg5s(B
$B!!!!$K2K$J$$$,!"0lNc$r5s$2$l$P$B!!!!!!!!!!2qOC$dEEOCK832(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$j!"2HDm!"?&>l5Z$S3X9;Ey$G$N2qOC$dEEOC$NDLOCEy$,K832$5(B
$B!!!!!!!!$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!%F%l%S!&%i%8%*Ey$ND0
$B!!!!!!!!!!
$B!!!!!!!!!!2HDm@83h$NGK2u(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$F!"2HDm@83h$N2qOC$,CfCG$5$l!"?F;R$dIWIX4V$N6[D%$,@8(B
$B!!!!!!!!$8!"ITOB$N860x$H$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!8rDL;v8N$N4m81@-(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$F!"
$B!!!!!!!!!!3X=,!";W9MK832(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$F!"3X=,$dFI=qEy$N;W9MNO$rMW$9$k:n6H$,K832$5$l!"=EBg(B
$B!!!!!!!!$JHo32$rHo$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!?&6H@83h$NK832(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$F!"?&>l$G$N0U;WEAC#$,K832$5$l!"@:?@=8Cf$,K8$2$i$l$k(B
$B!!!!!!!!Ey?&6H@83h$,K832$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!#6!!@:?@E*Ho32(B
$B!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;!"DFMn$dMn2
$B!!!!$J@83h$r6<$+$9?<9o$+$D=EBg$JHo32$G$"$k!#$=$7$F!"$3$NHo32$,!"@:?@E*%9%H%l%9$H(B
$B!!!!$J$C$F!"%N%$%m!<%$B!!!!$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!#7!!$=$NB>$NHo32(B
$B!!!!!!869p$i$O!"9R6u5!$NGz2;$r$O$8$a$H$9$k4pCO8x32$K$h$C$F!">e5-0J30$K$bMM!9$JHo(B
$B!!!!32$rHo$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!Mn2
$B!!!!!!!!!!?6F0$K$h$k2H20!"2H:b$NB;=}!"GS5$%,%9$K$h$k@vBuJ*$N1x@w(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$dGS5$$K$h$C$F!"2H20$,?LF0$7$F2H20$,B;=}$5$l$F$$$k!#$^$?!"(B
$B!!!!!!!!2H20Fb$N2H:b$,B;=}$5$l$F$$$k!#$5$i$K!"GS5$%,%9$K$h$C$F@vBuJ*$,1x@w$5$l$F(B
$B!!!!!!!!$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!CO2A$NDc2$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;Ey$K$h$C$F869p$i$,=jM-$9$kEZCO$N2A3J$,2
$B!!!!!!!!!!NEM\@83h$NK832(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$FITL2$dHhO+$,@8$8!"NEM\Cf$N
$B!!!!!!!!!!650i4D6-$NGK2u(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!9R6u5!$NGz2;$K$h$C$F;yF8$d@8EL$N650i4D6-$,GK2u$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!CO0h<+<#$"$k$$$O7P:QE*!"
$B!!!!!!!!$J$j!"CfItCO0h$NM-5!E*$+$DE}0lE*$JCO0h3+H/$,AK32$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!K\7oAJ>Y$O!"2E
$B!!!!$KBP$7$F!"(B
$B!!!!(B(1)$B!!%"%a%j%+9g=09q73Bb$r$7$F!"Lk4VAaD+$NHt9T$r@)8B$7!"F|Cf$NGz2;$r@)8B$5$;(B
$B!!!!!!$k$h$&$K$9$k$3$H(B
$B!!!!(B(2)$B!!!JM=HwE*$K!KA09`5-:\$N@A5a$r
$B!!!!(B(3)$B!!2a5n5Z$S>-Mh$NB;32$rGe=~$9$k$3$H(B
$B!!!!$r5a$a$k:[H=$G$"$k$,!"Ho9p9q$,$3$l$i$N@A5a$K1~$:$Y$-:,5r$O$B!!#1!!:9;_@A5a$K$D$$$F(B
$B!!!!!!869p$i$O!"7{K!A0J8!"#9>r!"#1#3>r5Z$S#2#5>r$K4p$E$-!"?M4V8D?M$N@8L?!"?HBN!"(B
$B!!!!@:?@5Z$S@83h$NMx1W$N$h$&$J?M4V$H$7$F$N@8B8$K4pK\E*IT2D7g$JMx1W$NAmBN$H$7$F$N(B
$B!!!!?M3J8"!"9qL1$,7r9/$G2wE,$J@83h$r0];}$7$&$k30E*>r7o$G$"$k$H$3$m$NNI9%$J4D6-$r(B
$B!!!!5}uBV$r0];}$7!"$=(B
$B!!!!$N2<$G2wE,$J@83h$r$9$k8"Mx$H$7$F$NJ?OBE*@8B88"$rJ]M-$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!B>J}!"Ho9p9q$O!"9qL1$N@8L?!"<+M35Z$S9,J!DI5a$KBP$9$k8"Mx!J7{K!#1#3>r!KJB$S(B
$B!!!!$K9qL1$,7r9/$GJ82=E*$J@83h$r1D$`8"Mx!JF1#2#5>r!K$r@Q6KE*$KJ]>c$9$k5AL3$,$"(B
$B$j!"(B
$B!!!!$5$i$K!"9qL1$N7r9/$rJ]8n$7!"$h$jNI$-@83h4D6-$rJ]A4$9$k$?$a$K8x32$NKI;_$K4X$9(B
$B!!!!$k4pK\E*$+$DAm9gE*;\:v$r:vDj$7!"$3$l$r$B!!!!>r!K!#$7$+$b!"Ho9p9q$O!"2E
$B!!!!!!$H$3$m$,!"Ho9p9q$O!"JF73$K$h$j!"2E
$B!!!!5o=;CO0h$K$*$1$k7r9/$G2wE,$J@83h$r0];}$7!"$+$D@E2:$J4D6-$N$b$H$G9,J!$rDI5a$9(B
$B!!!!$k8"Mx!J?M3J8"!"4D6-8"$J$$$7$OJ?OBE*@8B88"!K$rCx$7$/?/32$9$k$b$N$G$"$k!#$=$7(B
$B!!!!$F!"A0=R$N$H$*$j!"$3$N$h$&$J2E
$B!!!!9q$O!":[H==j$NH=7h$K$h$C$F2E
$B!!!!$K$b$+$+$o$i$:!"$3$l$rJ|CV$7$?$^$^$J$N$G$"$k!#$3$N$h$&$J>u67$G$O!":#8e$b0cK!(B
$B!!!!>uBV$,7QB3$5$l$k$3$H$OL@$i$+$G$"$k!#$7$+$b!"A0=R$7$?$H$*$j!"2-Fl8)7r9/1F6AD4(B
$B!!!!::$N7k2L?HBNE*Ho32$,@8$8$F$$$k$3$H$,L@Gr$K$J$C$F$$$k!#$3$N$h$&$J=EBg$JHo32$,(B
$B!!!!@8$8$F$$$k>u67$K$*$$$F!"$=$N0cK!>uBV$r$=$N$^$^J|CV$9$kHo9p9q$N;Q@*$OE~Dl5v$5(B
$B!!!!$l$J$$!#(B
$B!!!!!!$3$N$h$&$K!"?M3J8"!"4D6-8"$J$$$7$OJ?OBE*@8B88"$,?/32$5$l!"$^$?$O?/32$5$l$k(B
$B!!!!4m81$,:9$7Gw$C$?>l9g$K$O!">e5-8"Mx$K4p$E$-D>$A$K$=$N0cK!9T0Y$N:9;_$a$r5a$a$k(B
$B!!!!$3$H$,$G$-$k$H$$$&$Y$-$G$"$k$,!"$3$H$K>e5-$G=R$Y$?$h$&$K!"?HBNE*Ho32$,H/@8$7(B
$B!!!!$F$$$k$3$H$,L@$i$+$K$5$l!"2E
$B!!!!$,$J$/!"$=$NI,MW@-$OHs>o$K9b$$!#(B
$B!!#2!!308r8r>D5AL3$K$D$$$F(B
$B!!!!!!$H$3$m$G!"Ho9p9q$KBP$7$FJF73$N9T0Y$N@)8B$r5a$a$k$3$H$O!"$=$N;YG[$N5Z$P$J$$(B
$B!!!!Bh#3
$B!!!!$J$$$+$iG'$a$i$l$kM>CO$,$J$$$H$7$F$b!"Ho9p9q$O!"$3$N$h$&$J0cK!>uBV$N2r>C$r5a(B
$B!!!!$a$k$Y$/%"%a%j%+9g=09q$H308r8r>D$9$Y$-$G$"$k!#$3$NE@!"CO0L6(Dj#1#8>r#59`$N@A(B
$B!!!!5a8"$K$D$$$F!"Ho9p9q$,5AL3$rIi$&$Y$-!V=hM}!W$N#1$D$NJ}K!$H$7$F!"CO0L6(Dj#2#5(B
$B!!!!>r$K4p$E$-@_CV$5$l$?9gF10Q0w2q!JF|JF9gF10Q0w2q!K$K$*$1$k%"%a%j%+9g=09q$H$N30(B
$B!!!!8r8r>D$,$"$k!#$=$7$F!"Ho9p9q$O!"$3$N308r8r>D$rDL$8$F!"JF73$NLk4VAaD+$NHt9T@)(B
$B!!!!8BEy$r5a$a$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$+$i!"$=$N308r8r>D$r9T$&5AL3$,$"$k$3$H$N3NG'$rM=HwE*(B
$B!!!!$K5a$a$k!#(B
$B!!#3!!2a5n$NB;32Ge=~@A5a$K$D$$$F(B
$B!!!!!!869p$i$O!"2E
$B!!!!Kt$O9q2HGe=~K!#1>r
$B!!!!$G$K@8$8$?B;32$NGe=~$H$7$F!"$B!!!!!!!!6&DLB;32(B
$B!!!!!!!!869p$i$,Ho$C$F$$$kB;32$O9-HO$+$DJ#;($G$"$k$N$G!"AmBN$H$7$F$NHo32$N$&$AA4(B
$B!!!!!!$F$N869p$i$K6&DL$7$FG'$a$i$l$kB;32$H$7$F!"5l869p!JBh#1Y$G869p$H$J$C$F(B
$B!!!!!!$$$?
$B!!!!!!$C$F$$$J$+$C$?
$B!!!!!!$r5a$a$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!5l869p(B
$B!!!!!!!!Bh#1Y$K$h$C$F;YJ'$r$B!!!!!!K\AJ>uAwC#$NF|$NB0$9$k7n$NA07nKvF|$^$G$N4V$K@8$8$?B;32Ge=~6b$NFb6b$H$7$F#7(B
$B!!!!!!#0K|1_!JJ[8n;NHqMQ$r4^$a$F#8#0K|#5#0#0#01_!K(B
$B!!!!!!!!?7869p(B
$B!!!!!!!!2-Fl$NK\EZI|5"$NF|$G$"$k(B1972$B!J>
$B!!!!!!$k7n$NA07nKvF|$^$G$N4V$K@8$8$?B;32Ge=~6b$NFb6b$H$7$F9g7W#1#0#0K|1_!JJ[8n;N(B
$B!!!!!!HqMQ$r4^$a$F#1#1#5K|1_!K(B
$B!!!!!!!!J[8n;NHqMQ(B
$B!!!!!!!!869p$i$,K\7oAJ>Y$NDI9T$r869p$iAJ>YBeM}?MJ[8n;N$i$K0QG$$7$?$,!"K\7oITK!9T(B
$B!!!!!!0Y$H0x2L4X78$"$kB;323[$O!"6&DLB;323[$N#1#5%Q!<%;%s%H$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!#4!!>-Mh$NB;32Ge=~@A5a$K$D$$$F(B
$B!!!!!!869p$i$,Ho$C$F$$$kHo32$O!"Bh#1Y$K$h$k0cK!>uBV$N3NG'8e$b7QB3$7$F$$$k$3(B
$B!!!!$HEy$N;v>p$+$i!";DG0$J$,$i!":#8e$b7QB3$9$k$3$H$OI,;j$G$"$k!#$=$3$G!"$=$N>-Mh(B
$B!!!!$NB;32Ge=~6b$H$7$F$O!"869p#1?M$K$D$-!"K\AJ>uAwC#$NF|$NB0$9$k7n$+$i#1%17nEv$j(B
$B!!!!6b#3K|#4#5#0#01_!J6&DLB;32$H$7$F6b#3K|1_$HJ[8n;NHqMQ#4#5#0#01_!K5Z$S$3$l$KBP(B
$B!!!!$9$k3F7n$NMb7n#1F|$+$i;YJ':Q$_$^$G$NCY1dB;326b$N;YJ'$r5a$a$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!(B
$BBh#6!!$^$H$a(B
$B!!!!!!$h$C$F!"869p$i$O!"@A5a$N$B!!!!@)8B$H$$$&:GDc8B$N$3$H$r5a$a$k$H$H$b$K!"2a5n5Z$S>-Mh$NHo32$KBP$9$kB;32$NGe=~(B
$B!!!!$r5a$a$k$?$a$K!"K\7oAJ>Y$NDs5/$K5Z$s$@$b$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!#1!!0Q!!G$!!>u!!!!!!!!!!3F!!#1!!DL(B
$B!!Bh#12s8}F,J[O@$K$*$$$FDs=P$9$k!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0J!!>e(B
$B!](B
nakada_h@jca.apc.org